Nity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 176(two):208?13. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, Hanifa Y, Islam K, Claxton AP, Packe GE, Moore-Gillon JC, Darmalingam M, Davidson RN, et al: High-dose vitamin D(three) in the course of intensive-phase antimicrobial therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011, 377(9761):242?50. Nnoaham KE, Clarke A: Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic critique and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2008, 37(1):113?19. Raqib R, Sarker P, Bergman P, Ara G, Lindh M, Sack DA, Nasirul Islam KM, Gudmundsson GH, Andersson J, Agerberth B: Improved outcome in shigellosis associated with butyrate induction of an endogenous peptide antibiotic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(24):9178?183. Islam D, Bandholtz L, Nilsson J, Wigzell H, Christensson B, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson G: Downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial DNA as a prospective regulator. Nat Med 2001, 7(two):180?85. Bergman P, Johansson L, Asp V, Plant L, Gudmundsson GH, Jonsson AB, Agerberth B: Neisseria gonorrhoeae downregulates expression of your human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Cell Microbiol 2005, 7(7):1009?017. Sarker P, Ahmed S, Tiash S, Rekha RS, Stromberg R, Andersson J, Bergman P, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Raqib R: Phenylbutyrate counteracts Shigella mediated downregulation of cathelicidin in rabbit lung and intestinal epithelia: a prospective therapeutic technique. PLoS One 2011, 6(six):e20637. Steinmann J, Halldorsson S, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH: Phenylbutyrate induces antimicrobial peptide expression.102838-43-7 Data Sheet Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(12):5127?133.Formula of N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide(DIC) Yoshio H, Tollin M, Gudmundsson GH, Lagercrantz H, Jornvall H, Marchini G, Agerberth B: Antimicrobial polypeptides of human vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid: implications for newborn innate defense.PMID:24856309 Pediatr Res 2003, 53(two):211?16. Edfeldt K, Liu PT, Chun R, Fabri M, Schenk M, Wheelwright M, Keegan C, Krutzik SR, Adams JS, Hewison M, et al: T-cell cytokines differentially control human monocyte antimicrobial responses by regulating vitamin D metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107(52):22593?2598.Mily et al. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2013, 13:23 http://biomedcentral/1471-2466/13/Page eight of24. Soliman MM, Ahmed MM, Salah-Eldin AE, Abdel-Aal AA: Butyrate regulates leptin expression by way of distinctive signaling pathways in adipocytes. J Vet Sci 2011, 12(4):319?23. 25. de Haan JB, Gevers W, Parker MI: Effects of sodium butyrate on the synthesis and methylation of DNA in standard cells and their transformed counterparts. Cancer Res 1986, 46(2):713?16. 26. Soliman M, Kimura K, Ahmed M, Yamaji D, Matsushita Y, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Makondo K, Saito M: Inverse regulation of leptin mRNA expression by short- and long-chain fatty acids in cultured bovine adipocytes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007, 33(4):400?09. 27. Kin NW, Chen Y, Stefanov EK, Gallo RL, Kearney JF: Cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide differentially regulates T- and B-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2011, 41(ten):3006?016. 28. Agerberth B, Charo J, Werr J, Olsson B, Idali F, Lindbom L, Kiessling R, Jornvall H, Wigzell H, Gudmundsson GH: The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by distinct lymphocyte and monocyte populations. Blood 2000, 96(9):3086?093. 29. Ottenhoff TH, Kaufmann SH: Vaccines against tuberculosis: exactly where are we and where do we have to have to go? PLoS Pathog 2012, eight(5):.