Aculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Tel: +66 2 218 5380 Fax: +66 2 218 5386 E-mail: [email protected] Foundation Project: Supported by East Kalimantan, Indonesia, the National Analysis Council of Thailand, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science along with the Integrated Innovation Academic Center: IIAC Chulalongkorn University Centenary Academic Development Project (Grant No. RES560530041).medicine[1]. Bee pollen is really a granular composite of pollen collected by bees from different flowers and then compacted using a sticky substance developed by the bee. Propolis, normally called bee glue, is produced by worker bees from collected plant resins or exudates from phloem-feeding insects, andArticle history: Received 10 Might 2014 Received in revised form 17 May, 2nd revised kind 24 May possibly, 3rd revised type 29 May possibly 2014 Accepted 28 Jun 2014 Obtainable online 28 Julis used to assemble, defend, or repair the bee hives[2]. Royal jelly is secreted by nurse bees and fed to all bee larvae through their initially three days of improvement, but the continuous feeding to larvae at enough levels thereafter promotes the developmental switch to queen and not worker bees[3]. In current decades, propolis has attracted growing interest and use in foods, beverages, supplements and cosmetics for each medicinal treatment and advantageous wellness reasons (preventative medicine). It can be employed to prevent or decrease some ailments or symptoms, like inflammation, heart illness and cancer[4-6]. Propolis has been shown to possess different biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties, in support of its ancient use as a folk medicine in numerous regions of your world[7,8]. The chemical components of propolis rely on the resin from the vegetation inside the foraging area of your bees and also the plants the bees select for collection from, given that honeybees preferentially target particular plants within range of their beehives as sources of propolis. Thus, propolis has been identified to have a seasonal, geophysical regional and bee species specificity to its composition and bioactivity[9]. For instance, Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) propolis collected in temperate regions contains several sorts of flavonoids and phenolic acid esters, particularly pinocembrin, pinobanksin, galangin, chrysin and caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), as the most important bioactive compounds[7,10].Price of Z-Asp(OtBu)-OH The propolis from these regions was shown to have been collected in the bud exudates of members in the Populus genus[7,10].3-Methoxybenzensulfonyl chloride Data Sheet Nevertheless, the chemical composition of A.PMID:23776646 mellifera propolis has been located to be rather complicated with greater than 300 identified compounds, such as polyphenols, phenolic aldehydes, sesquiterpene quinones, coumarins, amino acids, steroids and inorganic compounds, and to vary depending on the collecting location, time and plant source[4]. In contrast to A. mellifera propolis, the propolis from Tetragonula carbonaria, a stingless bee native to Australia, contained a number of isomers of pimaric acid and gallic acid as its key components[11,12]. Also, it was reported that eucalypt resin, particularly that from Corymbia torelliana, shaped the chemical constituents within this stingless bee propolis[12]. Apart from A. mellifera propolis, Sawaya et al. reported the antioxidant activity of propolis from three stingless species[13], which have been Scaptotrigona spp., Scaptotrigona depilis and Scaptotrigona bipunctata. Samples were collecte.