Ther unique GAG from marine invertebrates is fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FucCS) isolated from the seacucumber Ludwigothurea grisea, that is composed of [4)DGlcA3[1)LFucp2,4di(OSO )](13)three DGalNAc(1]n , in which GlcA is glucuronic acid, and Fucp is really a fucopyranosyl residue (Figure 1C) (Vieira and Mour , 1988). Conversely, the commonest chondroitin sulfate (CS) in mammals is composed of [4)DGlcA(13)DGalNAc(1]n exactly where its GalNAc units could be either mostly 4sulfated (CSA) or predominantly 6sulfated (CSC) (Pomin et al., 2012). As opposed to ascidian DS and seacucumber FucCS which are heterogeneous marine sulfated polysaccharides (MSPs) in terms of monosaccharide composition, the SFs and SGs are extremely homogeneous offered that they are composed of only Fucp or galactopyranose (Galp) units distributed within a rather standard and repeating backbone (Table two). The important variations among species from SFs or SGs are either the sulfation pattern or the glycosidic linkage form (Figure 2 and Table two). From comparative studies employing the SFs and SGs shown in Table two, their biomedical responses can be understood based on some structural specifications (Pereira et al., 2002). This analytical process assists to uncover the underlying mechanisms of action of their biomedical effects by means of an extremely precise and effective way. Some of the results in these sophisticated structurefunction connection research are detailed below. Besides the exclusive structures of the MSPs, in addition they show differential health-related properties (Cumashi et al., 2007). This can be particularly evident when in comparison to the typical mammalian SPs, GAGs. The health-related properties of MSPs are straight connected to a few of their special structural features, which are not foundTable 2 | Oligosaccharide repetitive units of SFs and SGs from echinoderms seaurchins (Echinoidea), and seacucumber (Holothuroidea), red algae (Rhodophyta), and ascidians or tunicates (Ascidiacea).Methyl 2-(methoxymethyl)acrylate site Species (class) Ludwigothuria grisea (holothurioidea) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus II (echinoidea) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus I (echinoidea) Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (echinoidea) Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (echinoidea) Strongylocentrotus pallidus (echinoidea) Lytechinus variegatus (echinoidea) Arbacia lixula (echinoidea) Echinometra lucunter (echinoidea) Glyptosidaris crenularis (echinoidea) Botryocladia occidentalis (rodophyta) Gelidium crinale (rodophyta) Styela plicata (ascidiacea) Hedmania monus (ascidiacea) Structure [3)LFucp2,4(OSO )(13)LFucp(13)LFucp2(OSO )(13)LFucp2(OSO )(1]n three three 3 80 [3)LFucp2,4di(OSO )(1]n and 20 [3)LFucp2(OSO )(1]n three three [3)LFucp2(OSO )(1]n 3 [4)LFucp2(OSO )(1]n three [3)LFucp2,4di(OSO )(13)LFucp4(OSO )(13)LFucp4(OSO )(1]n three 3[3)LFucp2(OSO )(13)LFucp2(OSO )(13)LFucp4(OSO )(13)LFucp4(OSO )three 3 three three (1]n [3)LFucp2(OSO )(13)LFucp2(OSO )(13)LFucp4(OSO )(13)LFucp3 3 three 2,4di(OSO )(1]n three [4)LFucp2(OSO )(14)LFucp2(OSO )(14)LFucp(14)LFucp(1]n three 3 [3)DGalp2(OSO )(13)DGalp(1]n three [3)LGalp2(OSO )(1]n[3)DGalp2R1 3R2 (14)DGalp2R3 3R4 (1]n , where R# = OSO or OH, R1 and R2 = OSO 3 three in 66 and 33 , respectively [3)DGalp2R1 4R2 (14)DGalp2R3 3R4 (1]n , exactly where R# = OSO or OH, R1 and R2 = OSO 3 three in 60 and 15 , respectively 4)LGalp2[1)LGalp]3(OSO )(1n 3 [4)LGalp3(OSO )(1]nFrontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiologywww.2413767-30-1 Formula frontiersin.PMID:34645436 orgJanuary 2014 | Volume four | Article five |PominMarine medicinal glycomicsANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTSAFuc2SFuc2SFuc2SFuc2SBGal2S Gal2S Gal2SGal2SFIGURE 2 | 3D structural representation on the seaurchin three.